Articles Posted in Lanham Act 43(a) – 15 USC 1125

Los Angeles, CA – Trademark attorneys for Pinkberry filed several trademark infringement and Lanham Act 43(a) unfair competition lawsuits, at the Los Angeles Federal District Court, against several frozen yogurt competitors. Pinkberry’s “frozen yogurt” treats are all the rage, which I don’t quite understand. I would much rather have my frozen yogurt at The Bigg Chill, which has been serving frozen yogurt with your choice of toppings for at least fifteen years and whose parking lot entrance literally causes a parking lot on Olympic Boulevard with the ant-like row of cars waiting to park. But I digress. Pinkberry asserts that it began serving its “frozen yogurt” treats in 2005 and has recently registered its trademarks with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. One registered trademark is for the “Pinberry & Stylized Leaf and Berry Swirl Design,” which is illustrated herein.

los-angeles-trademark-attorney-pinkberry-infringement.jpgThe complaint alleges that Defendants took a Pinkberry banner and used it to promote, advertise and sell Defendants’ products. “Specifically, Defendants covered and replaced ‘PINK’ with ‘COOL’ in the same stylized font and color to create a COOLBERRY banner that was posted and displayed on Defendants’ restaurant door.”

Although it appears that the Defendants may have used a modified Pinkberry banner, all may not be lost for the Defendants. As the Los Angeles Times reports, “Pinkberry was on the receiving end of a lawsuit this year filed by customers who contended that the popular treat might not be frozen yogurt. That case was settled in April, with Pinkberry giving $750,000 to two Southern California charities as part of the deal. It also began mixing its yogurt at a dairy, not in-store, and disclosed its ingredients online.” (Read L.A. Times Article) If in fact Pinkberry was not selling “frozen yogurt” and was violating food labeling laws, the validity of its trademark registrations may be comprised based on its representations to the USPTO. There are also allegations that Pinkberry indeed copied its store designs and frozen yogurt concept from Korea based Red Mango, noting that the owners of Pinkberry are Korean immigrants. (See HERE).

Los Angeles, CA – Trademark attorneys for SATA GmbH, a German corporation, filed a trademark infringement, Lanham Act 43(a) unfair competition, and false advertising lawsuit, at the Los Angeles Federal District Court, to prevent internet based sales of its paint spray tools/guns. Sata owns numerous USPTO registered trademarks in addition to unregistered common law trademarks. SATA’s paint spray tools have been used in auto repair body shops, the automotive industry, and the wood-working industry for more than 23 years.

trademark-attorney-tools-los-angeles-sata.jpgDan-Am is an independent company that is the exclusive authorized importer and sole initial distributor of SATA products in the United States. “Through Dan-Am, SATA-designed and manufactured products are ultimately made available to warehouse distributors and jobbers and through such distributors and jobbers to end customers.” SATA asserts that it can maintain better supervision and quality control over its products because authorized distributors “are required by their contracts with Dan-Am to participate in a specified minimum of instructions and training activities involving the safe use and maintenance of SATA products. . . The internet cannot displace the individual services offered through the Authorized Distributor program.”

SATA alleges that Defendants use the SATA trademarks on their numerous websites to sell, without authorization, SATA’s paint spray tools on the Internet “by approaching Authorized Distributors for the purpose of obtaining SATA products for Internet resale.” The Defendants are also accused of engaging “in the wholesale copying of copyrighted photographs and text found at sata.com for the purpose of having material to support their unauthorized sales free of charge.” The complaint accuses the following websites of infringement: spraygunworld.com, toolparadise.com, spraygunindustry.com, mytoolchest.com, discounttoolsnthings.com, tptoolworld.com, airbrush4less.com, tptoolbox.com, and uniqueuniverse.com. The case is titled SATA GmbH & Co. KG, et al. v. David Nakatsu, et al., CV08-0560 ODW (C.D. Cal. 2008).

Trademark infringement lawsuit – which was originally filed in Washington – was transferred to the Central District of California – Santa Ana Division, pursuant to stipulation by the parties’ attorneys. Plaintiff sells lingerie under its Zovo trademark, which it has registered with the USPTO. The Zovo trademark is also used on other clothing items, namely, “tank tops, shorts, camisoles, robes, chemises, dresses, hoodies, shirts, lounge pants, pajamas, and shells.”

los-angeles-trademark-attorney-lingerie-zovo.jpgPlaintiff alleges that Defendants, nearly 20 months after Plaintiff’s federal trademark application was filed, registered the zovala.net domain name. The domain name incorporates defendants’ Zova trademark, which it uses to offer women’s clothing and skin care items. On October 12, 2007, Plaintiff became aware of Defendants’ Zova trademark when it saw Defendants’ advertisement in California Apparel News. Shortly thereafter, Plaintiff sent Defendants a cease and desist letter regarding the Zova trademark. Defendants responded by claiming a date of first use which allegedly predated Plaintiff’s date of first use. Plaintiff alleges that it demanded evidence corroborating Defendants’ date of first use and, not having received a satisfactory response, this lawsuit followed. The case is titled Zovo Lingerie Company, LLC v. DMH Enterprises, Inc., SACV08-0987 DOC (C.D. Cal. 2008).

Los Angeles, CA – Trademark attorneys for La Casita Mexicana, translates to “the little Mexican House,” filed a trademark infringement and Lanham Act § 43(a) unfair competition (15 U.S.C. § 1125) complaint, at the Federal District Court in Los Angeles, over another restaurant’s use of the same trademark. La Casita Mexicana is located in Bell, California and has registered its restaurant name as its trademark at the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. Plaintiff, who claims Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa as a patron, asserts that its “customers and the public have come to identify La Casita Mexicana with Plaintiff’s excellent food and service.”

mexican-trademark-attorney-los-angeles.jpgPlaintiff asserts that Defendant began using the same mark for its restaurant services ten years after Plaintiff’s first date of use. Plaintiff became aware of Defendant’s use through phone calls from customers inquiring about Plaintiff’s Whittier, California location – which it did not have. Plaintiff’s attorney sent a cease and desist letter to Defendant, who allegedly has refused to cease using the restaurant name. The complaint alleges that “Defendant’s use in commerce of the La Casita Mexicana Trademark for restaurant services has caused, and is likely to continue to cause confusion, deception, and mistake in the minds of the public with respect to the source and origin of Defendant’s goods and services, in that the public and those in the food and restaurant industry will believe that Plaintiff is the source of origin of such goods and services.” The case is titled La Casita Mexicana, Inc. v. Nereida Mendoza, CV 08-05286 ODW (C.D. Cal. 2008).

Los Angeles, CA – Trademark attorneys for American Automobile Association (“AAA”) filed a trademark infringement and Lanham Act § 43(a) unfair competition (15 U.S.C. § 1125) complaint at the Federal District Court in Los Angeles over an automobile garage’s use of the name “AAA Smogz.” The complaint provides a summary of AAA’s use of the AAA trademark with respect to numerous services, including but not limited to conducting motor vehicle tests. Plaintiff has numerous AAA trademark registrations with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, which have become incontestable as a result of being registered for over five years.

los-angeles-trademark-attorney-automobile-garage-aaa.jpgThe complaint alleges that defendants are in the business of automobile smog testing services using a confusingly similar AAA mark. Plaintiff alleges that in September of 2007 it asked defendant to discontinue using the AAA mark and defendants agreed to do so within six months. On March 6, 2008, after defendants allegedly failed to discontinue their use of the AAA mark, Plaintiff sent another cease and desist letter, to which defendant did not respond. On March 21, 2008, Plaintiff sent another cease and desist letter which was returned as undeliverable. Plaintiff alleges that its investigators have indicated that defendants continue to use the AAA trademark in the same business location to which the letter was sent, thus necessitating the lawsuit. The case is titled American Automobile Association, Inc. v. Jorge A. Mendoza, et al., CV 08-05441 GHK (C.D. Cal. 2008).

Los Angeles, CA – Service mark litigation was instituted by trademark attorneys for Couples For Christ, Inc. (“CFC”) at the Federal District Court in Los Angeles. The complaint asserts that CFC has used its Couples For Christ, CFC, and Stylized Cross Design service mark “in connection with education services and providing religious and relationship counseling to couples and individuals” since at least 1991. CFC has registered the subject trademarks with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. As a result of the registrations on the USPTO register for over five years, the service marks have become incontestable, thereby foreclosing certain challenges to their validity.

los-angeles-service-mark-attorney-christ-litigationThe complaint alleges that “sometime after September 20, 2007, Defendant National Organization authorized the founders and incorporators of Defendant Northern California Organization and the founders and incorporators of Defendant Southern California Organization to incorporate under the Couples for Christ name and to use the CFC Marks in association with educational services and religious counseling in Northern and Southern California, respectively.” Plaintiff has requested that Defendants cease use of the marks, but Defendants have allegedly “repeatedly refused to cease their use of the CFC Marks and continue to provide educational services and religious counseling under the CFC Marks.” The case is titled Couples For Christ, Inc. v. Couples For Christ USA, et al., CV08-05061 DSF (C.D. Cal. 2008).

PRACTICE NOTE: My law school professor, Douglas W. Kmiec, taught that there is always a higher power that will adjudicate the parties’ earthly conduct. But for now, the parties will have to abide by the rulings of U.S. District Court for the Central District of California.

Los Angeles, CA – Trademark litigation attorneys for Adidas filed a trademark infringement, trademark dilution and Lanham Act 43(a) unfair competition lawsuit – against other shoe manufacturers – at the Los Angeles Federal District Court. Adidas has registered numerous trademarks with the USPTO for its Three-Stripe design, which it began using on shoes in 1952. The complaint asserts that Adidas’ sales of products bearing the Three-Stripe trademark have totaled in the billions of dollars globally in recent years. Adidas also has exclusive agreements with athletes, including David Beckham, Tim Duncan, Kevin Garnett, and Tracy McGrady to promote its footwear and sports apparel.

los-angeles-trademark-attorney-litigation-adidas.jpgAdidas alleges that “Defendants’ use of confusingly similar imitations of Adidas’s Three-Stripe Trademark is likely to deceive, confuse, and mislead prospective purchasers and purchasers into believing that shoes sold by Defendants is manufactured by, authorized by, or in some manner associated with Adidas, which it is not. The likelihood of confusion, mistake, and deception engendered by Defendants’ misappropriation of Adidas’s mark is causing irreparable harm to the goodwill symbolized by the Three-Stripe Trademark and the reputation of quality that it embodies.” The complaint asserts the following causes of action: (1) Federal trademark infringement 15 U.S.C. § 1114; (2) Federal unfair competition under section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); (3) Lanham Act dilution of famous trademark under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(c); (4) State unfair and deceptive trade practices under Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200; and, (5) Common law trademark infringement and unfair competition. The case is titled Adidas America, Inc. v. Wah Lei Footwear (U.S.A.) Corporation, et al., CV08-04969 JFW (C.D. Cal. 2008). The other named defendants are Fu Ju (U.S.A.) Group, Inc., LA Discount Shoes, Sunny Shoes Corp., and Top Shoes, Inc.

Los Angeles, CA – Trademark attorneys for Life Alert Emergency Response, Inc. commenced trademark infringement litigation, at the Federal District Court in Los Angeles, against Netstake, LLC. Plaintiff has used Life Alert® as its trademark for services and related products targeted to seniors for more than twenty years. You might remember Plaintiff’s endearing “I’ve fallen and I can’t get up” television commercials. Plaintiff has registered the Life Alert® trademark with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, which registration has become in contestable.

los-angeles-trademark-attorney-emergency-life-alert.jpgThe complaint alleges that “Defendant has willfully violated Life Alert’s rights in the Life Alert Mark, by using the Life Alert Mark in connection with metatags, source code and web pages for its websites. Defendant’s improper and unlawful uses of the Life Alert Mark are for the purpose of selling products and services competitive to those of Life Alert.” In addition to preliminary and permanent injunctions, Plaintiff seeks monetary damages for the alleged trademark infringement and unfair competition. The case is titled Life Alert Emergency Response, Inc. v. Netstake, LLC, CV08-05088 GHK (C.D. Cal. 2008).

PRACTICE NOTE: Professor Eric Goldman believes that “lawsuits over metatag usage are so 1999.

Los Angeles, CA – Trademark attorneys for Red Bull filed a lawsuit at the Federal District Court in Los Angeles alleging trademark and trade dress infringement, unfair competition under the Lanham Act (15 U.S.C. § 1125), and trademark dilution. The complaint asserts that since Red Bull’s introduction in 1996, over four billion units have been sold in the United States and over one billion dollars have been spent on advertising, marketing and promoting the Red Bull energy drink. Red Bull has obtained trademark registrations at the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office for the its word marks in addition to the trade dress in its can designs.

trademark-attorney-in-los-angeles-fair-use-foosh.jpgThe Defendants manufacture and sell chocolate mint chews bearing the “Buzz Bites” trademark and mints bearing the “Foosh Energy Mints” trademark. Red Bull is not concerned about the word marks used by Defendants, but alleges that the Defendants’ use of Red Bull’s trademarks and trade dress in Defendants’ advertising and on Defendants’ website and vending machines “is likely to cause confusion before and during the time of purchase of defendants’ products because purchasers, prospective purchasers . . . are likely to be drawn to defendants’ products because they mistakenly attribute [defendants’] products to Red Bull.” Red Bull sent a cease and desist letter to Defendants, but Defendants have allegedly refused to cease the use of the Red Bull trademarks and trade dress. The case is titled Red Bull GMBH v. Vroom Foods, Inc. and Mad Dog Energy Products, CV08-04960 GAF (C.D. Cal. 2008).

PRACTICE NOTE: A competitor can assert the nominative fair use defense to protect its ability to use a trademark to refer to a trademark owner or its goods or services for purposes of reporting, commentary, criticism, and parody, as well as for comparative advertising. To qualify for the nominative fair use defense, the following three requirements must be met: (1) the trademark owner, product, or service must not be readily identifiable without use of the trademark; (2) the defendant must use only as much of the mark as is necessary to identify the trademark owner, product, or service; and (3) the defendant must do nothing that would suggest sponsorship or endorsement by the trademark owner. From the facts asserted in the complaint, the Defendants will probably interject a comparative advertising fair use defense, because they are comparing the caffeine content of their product and that of Red Bull. It appears that the first and third elements of the test are met, but the defense will probably turn on whether the second element of the test is satisfied – i.e. did Defendants use more of Red Bull’s trademarks/trade dress than was necessary to make the comparison?

Los Angeles, CA – Trademark attorneys for Louis Vuitton filed a trademark infringement, Lanham Act § 43(a) unfair competition (15 U.S.C. § 1125), counterfeiting, and copyright infringement complaint at the Federal District Court for the Central District of California (Los Angeles Division) to protect its purse designs from being copied. The luxury goods manufacturer began selling its luggage in France in 1854 and in the United States in 1893. In 1896, Louis Vuitton created the LV monogram with three motifs (shown below) and registered it with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in 1932. Louis Vuitton has additional design/logo trademarks that are also registered with the USPTO. Further, Louis Vuitton owns certain copyright registrations in the U.S. Copyright Office covering its Multicolor Monogram design.

purse-design-copyright-trademark-protection-louis.jpgDefendants are alleged to have counterfeited and infringed on Louis Vuitton’s trademarks and copyrighted works by selling unauthorized goods, such as purses and handbags. Louis Vuitton alleges that “the activities of Defendants complained of herein constitute willful and intentional counterfeiting and infringement of the Louis Vuitton Trademarks and Copyrighted Work; are in total disregard of the Plaintiff’s rights and were commenced and have continued in spite of Defendants’ knowledge that the use of the Louis Vuitton Trademarks and Copyrighted Work, or copies or imitations thereof, was and is in direct contravention of Plaintiff’s rights.” The case is titled Louis Vuitton Malletier, S.A. v. Mido Trading, Inc., et al., CV 08-04405 DDP (C.D. Cal. 2008).

PRACTICE NOTE: The defendants’ website, midotrading.com, has been taken offline at the time of this post. That does not appear to be a good omen for defendants. I previously posted (Click Here) about the Louis Vuitton and “Chewie Vuiton” parody case, where the defendant’s parodical use of the LV Monogram was found to not infringe on Louis Vuitton’s trademarks or copyrights.